A council chat window isn't proof of AI. So we checked a second signal.

THE PUBLIC RECORD / PALORENFIELD NOTES / 18

Local government / US, UK and Australia

Who answers the chat? We found windows at 17.2% of reportable councils, but that does not establish AI use. A separate check found own-AI-use statements at 9.2%; coverage was 832 of 1,235 councils.

The pooled finding / CH-0117.2%

of reportable councils show a chat assistant

142 of 827 councils. Wilson 95% interval: 14.8% to 19.9%.
October 2026 crawl
READ THIS WITH THE NUMBER

We checked rendered home and contact pages in October 2026. Chat rates are lower bounds. Not found doesn't mean a council doesn't use AI.

CRAWL COVERAGE / BEFORE YOU COMPARE

832 of 1,235 councils were reachable (67.4%; US 197 of 333, UK 261 of 361, AU 374 of 541). 266 councils that block automated requests are excluded (tables/unreachable.csv). The shares use 827 reportable councils. Inspect the missing places ↓

01 / The story in the record

Analysis by
Paloren Research

Inspect the evidence ↓

What we set out to find.

We attempted to check home and contact pages for 1,235 councils in the US, UK and Australia for chat assistants and statements about their own AI use. Of those, 832 websites were reachable; 827 had enough rendered evidence to enter the findings. Who answers the chat?

What we found

We found chat assistants at 142 of 827 reportable councils, or 17.2%, and own-AI-use statements at 76, or 9.2%. Keep those findings separate. A person can staff a chat window; its presence doesn't establish AI use.

How we did it, and what it cannot tell us ↗

Find your place.
Take the evidence.

03 / The local record

We've made 827 reportable councils searchable. Start with a name. We keep the count and caveat beside each finding so you can check what you're quoting. A missing place isn't a zero.

827 reportable locations

Councils

Councils: reportable rows only. Website evidence.
CountryPlaceChat assistantOwn AI-use statement
UKAberdeenshireScotlandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USAbilene cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAdelaideSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAlbanyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USAlbany cityNew YorkNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USAlbuquerque cityNew MexicoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAlburyNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USAlexandria cityVirginiaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAlice SpringsNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAlpineVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKAmber ValleyEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
UKAngusScotlandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USAnn Arbor cityMichiganNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKAntrim and NewtownabbeyNorthern IrelandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAraratVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKArds and North DownNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKArgyll and ButeScotlandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USArlington cityTexasFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKArmagh City, Banbridge and CraigavonNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKArunEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKAshfieldEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKAshfordEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAugusta Margaret RiverWestern AustraliaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USAurora cityIllinoisNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUAurukunQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USAustin cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBaberghEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USBakersfield cityCaliforniaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUBallaratVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBallinaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBalonneQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USBaltimore cityMarylandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBananaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBanyuleVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBarcaldineQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBarcooQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBarklyNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBarnetEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBarnsleyEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBassendeanWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBassetlawEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBath and North East SomersetEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUBathurstNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBaw BawVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBayside (NSW)New South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBayswaterWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBedfordEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUBega ValleyNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBelfastNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USBellevue cityWashingtonFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUBellingenNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBelyuenNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USBend cityOregonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USBerkeley cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBerriganNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBeverleyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBexleyEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USBillings cityMontanaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBirminghamEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USBirmingham cityAlabamaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBlabyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBlackpoolEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBlacktownNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBlandNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USBoca Raton cityFloridaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBoddingtonWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBoganNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBolsoverEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBoltonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBoroondaraVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USBoston cityMassachusettsNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USBoulder cityColoradoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBouliaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBourkeNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBournemouth, Christchurch and PooleEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBoyup BrookWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBracknell ForestEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBradfordEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKBraintreeEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBrentEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBrentwoodEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBrewarrinaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBridgendWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USBridgeport cityConnecticutNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBrightonTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBrighton and HoveEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBrimbankVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBrisbaneQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBristol, City ofEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBroken HillNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKBromleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBrooktonWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBroomeWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBroomehill-TambellupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBroxbourneEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKBroxtoweEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBruce RockWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBuckinghamshireEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUBullooQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBunburyWestern AustraliaFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUBundabergQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USBurbank cityCaliforniaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUBurnieTasmaniaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKBurnleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUBurnsideSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKBuryEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUByronNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCabonneNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCalderdaleEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCambridgeWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKCambridgeEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCambridge cityMassachusettsNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCamdenNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCamdenEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCampaspeVictoriaFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUCampbelltown (NSW)New South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCanada BayNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCanningWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCannock ChaseEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCanterburyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCanterbury-BankstownNew South WalesNot found in crawlUncertain
USCape Coral cityFloridaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCapelWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCarmarthenshireWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCarmel cityIndianaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCarnamahWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCarnarvonWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCarpentariaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCarrathoolNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCaseyVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCassowary CoastQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCastle PointEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCauseway Coast and GlensNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCentennial cityColoradoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCentral BedfordshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCentral Coast (Tas.)TasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCentral DarlingNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCentral GoldfieldsVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCentral Highlands (Qld)QueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCentral Highlands (Tas.)TasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCeredigionWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCessnockNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USChandler cityArizonaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUChapman ValleyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCharleston citySouth CarolinaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USCharlotte cityNorth CarolinaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCharnwoodEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USChattanooga cityTennesseeNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKChelmsfordEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCheltenhamEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCherwellEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USChesapeake cityVirginiaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCheshire EastEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKCheshire West and ChesterEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKChesterfieldEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USChico cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUChitteringWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCity of EdinburghScotlandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKCity of LondonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKClackmannanshireScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUClaremontWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUClarenceTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUClarence ValleyNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USClearwater cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCleveland cityOhioNot found in crawlUncertain
AUCloncurryQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCockburnWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCoffs HarbourNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUColac OtwayVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKColchesterEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCollege Station cityTexasFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCollieWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USColorado Springs cityColoradoFound in crawlFound in crawl
USColumbia citySouth CarolinaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USColumbus cityGeorgiaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USColumbus cityOhioNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USConcord cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USConcord cityNorth CarolinaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKConwyWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCookQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCoolamonNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCoolgardieWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCoomalieNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCoonambleNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCootamundra-GundagaiNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USCoral Springs cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCornwallEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
USCorpus Christi cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCorriginWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCotswoldEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUCottesloeWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCoventryEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUCowraNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCranbrookWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCrawleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCroydonQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCroydonEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUCuballingWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCueWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCumberlandNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKCumberlandEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUCunderdinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USDallas cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDalwallinuWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USDaly City cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDandaraganWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDardanupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDarlingtonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDartfordEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDarwinNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDarwin Waterfront PrecinctNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USDayton cityOhioFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USDearborn cityMichiganFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USDeltona cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDenbighshireWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDenmarkWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USDenver cityColoradoFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKDerbyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDerby-West KimberleyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDerbyshire DalesEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USDes Moines cityIowaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USDetroit cityMichiganNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUDevonportTasmaniaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUDiamantinaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDonnybrook-BalingupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDoomadgeeQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDorsetTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDouglasQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDoverEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDowerinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDudleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDumbleyungWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDundasWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKDundee CityScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUDungogNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKEalingEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKEast AyrshireScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKEast DunbartonshireScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUEast FremantleWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUEast GippslandVictoriaUncertainNot found in crawl
UKEast HampshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKEast HertfordshireEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKEast LothianScotlandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUEast PilbaraWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USEdinburg cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUEdward RiverNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USEl Monte cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USEl Paso cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USElgin cityIllinoisFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USElizabeth cityNew JerseyNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKElmbridgeEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKEpping ForestEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKEpsom and EwellEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKErewashEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USEscondido cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUEsperanceWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUEtheridgeQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USEvansville cityIndianaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUExmouthWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKFalkirkScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKFarehamEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFargo cityNorth DakotaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFayetteville cityArkansasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFayetteville cityNorth CarolinaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFederal Way cityWashingtonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUFederationNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUFlinders (Qld)QueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKFlintshireWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFontana cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUForbesNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKForest of DeanEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USFort Collins cityColoradoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFort Lauderdale cityFloridaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USFort Worth cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUFraser CoastQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUFremantleWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USFresno cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USFrisco cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USGainesville cityFloridaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUGannawarraVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USGarden Grove cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKGedlingEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGeorge TownTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGeorges RiverNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGilgandraNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGinginWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGladstoneQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGlen Innes SevernNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USGlendale cityArizonaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGlenelgVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGlenorchyTasmaniaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUGnowangerupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGold CoastQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGolden PlainsVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGoomallingWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGosnellsWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGoulburn MulwareeNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USGrand Prairie cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKGraveshamEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGreater DandenongVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGreater HumeNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USGresham cityOregonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGriffithNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKGuildfordEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGunnedahNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGwydirNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKGwyneddWalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUGympieQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHackneyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHalls CreekWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHaltonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHarboroughEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
UKHaringeyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHarlowEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHarrowEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHartEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHartlepoolEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHarveyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKHastingsEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHavantEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHaveringEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
AUHayNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USHayward cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHepburnVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHerefordshire, County ofEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHertsmereEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USHesperia cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USHialeah cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHigh PeakEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USHigh Point cityNorth CarolinaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHighlandScotlandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKHillingdonEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUHinchinbrookQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHinckley and BosworthEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHindmarshVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHobartTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHobsons BayVictoriaUncertainNot found in crawl
USHollywood cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHope ValeQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUHornsbyNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHounslowEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUHumeVictoriaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUHunters HillNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHuntingdonshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKHyndburnEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USIndependence cityMissouriNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUIndigoVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USInglewood cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUInner WestNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUIpswichQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKIpswichEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USIrvine cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USIrving cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUIrwinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUIsaacQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKIsles of ScillyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKIslingtonEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USJackson cityMississippiNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USJacksonville cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUJerramungupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USJoliet cityIllinoisFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUJoondalupWestern AustraliaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUJuneeNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USJurupa Valley cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKalamundaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKarrathaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKatherineNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKellerberrinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKKensington and ChelseaEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUKentWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKiamaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USKilleen cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKKing's Lynn and West NorfolkEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
AUKingboroughTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKingston (Vic.)VictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKKingston upon Hull, City ofEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKKingston upon ThamesEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKKirkleesEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKKnowsleyEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUKnoxVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKojonupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKondininWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKoordaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKowanyamaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKu-ring-gaiNew South WalesUncertainNot found in crawl
AUKulinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUKwinanaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULachlanNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULake GraceWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULake MacquarieNew South WalesUncertainNot found in crawl
USLakewood cityColoradoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLambethEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULane CoveNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLansing cityMichiganNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLas Vegas cityNevadaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AULauncestonTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLeague City cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLee's Summit cityMissouriNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLeedsEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULeetonNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLeicesterEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AULeonoraWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLewishamEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
UKLichfieldEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKLincolnEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLincoln cityNebraskaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLisburn and CastlereaghNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULismoreNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULitchfieldNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULithgowNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLittle Rock cityArkansasFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLiverpoolEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AULiverpool PlainsNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AULivingstoneQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULockhartNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULoganQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USLong Beach cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AULongreachQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USLowell cityMassachusettsNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKLutonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMackayQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMaldonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMalvern HillsEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USManchester cityNew HampshireFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMandurahWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMansfieldVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMansfieldEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMapoonQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMaralinga TjarutjaSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMareebaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMaribyrnongVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMaroondahVictoriaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUMcKinlayQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMeander ValleyTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMedwayEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUMeekatharraWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMeltonVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMeltonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMelvilleWestern AustraliaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USMenifee cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMenziesWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMerredinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMerri-bekVictoriaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKMerthyr TydfilWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMertonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMesa cityArizonaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USMesquite cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMiami cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMiami Gardens cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMid and East AntrimNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMid DevonEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKMid SuffolkEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMid SussexEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMid UlsterNorthern IrelandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMid-CoastNew South WalesFound in crawlUncertain
AUMid-WesternNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMidland cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMidlothianScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMilduraVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMingenewWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMiramar cityFloridaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USMobile cityAlabamaUncertainNot found in crawl
USModesto cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMole ValleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMonashVictoriaFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKMonmouthshireWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMoonee ValleyVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMooraWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMooraboolVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMorawaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKMorayScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMoree PlainsNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMoreno Valley cityCaliforniaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUMoreton BayQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMorningtonQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMornington PeninsulaVictoriaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUMosmanNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMosman ParkWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMount AlexanderVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMount GambierSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMount IsaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMount MagnetWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMount MarshallWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMoyneVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMukinbudinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMundaringWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMurchisonWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMurray RiverNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USMurrieta cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUMurrindindiVictoriaFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUMurwehQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNa h-Eileanan SiarScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNambucca ValleyNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNannupWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USNaperville cityIllinoisNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNapranumQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNarembeenWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNarrabriNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNarranderaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNarroginWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNarromineNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNeath Port TalbotWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNedlandsWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USNew Braunfels cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USNew Orleans cityLouisianaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USNew York cityNew YorkNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNewark and SherwoodEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNewcastleNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNewcastle-under-LymeEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNewhamEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKNewportWalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USNewport News cityVirginiaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNgaanyatjarrakuWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNoosaQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USNorfolk cityVirginiaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USNorman cityOklahomaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth AyrshireScotlandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USNorth Charleston citySouth CarolinaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth East DerbyshireEnglandNot found in crawlUncertain
UKNorth East LincolnshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth HertfordshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth KestevenEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth LanarkshireScotlandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth LincolnshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth NorfolkEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth NorthamptonshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth SomersetEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorth SydneyNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKNorth WarwickshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth West LeicestershireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorth YorkshireEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorthamWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorthamptonWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorthern BeachesNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorthern GrampiansVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorthern MidlandsTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorthern Peninsula AreaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNorwichEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNorwood Payneham and St PetersSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNottinghamEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKNuneaton and BedworthEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUNungarinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKOadby and WigstonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USOakland cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUOberonNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USOdessa cityTexasFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USOklahoma City cityOklahomaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKOldhamEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USOntario cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKOrkney IslandsScotlandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USOrlando cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKOxfordEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
USPalm Coast cityFloridaFound in crawlFound in crawl
USPalmdale cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPalmerstonNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUParkesNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUParooQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUParramattaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPasadena cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPaterson cityNew JerseyNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPembroke Pines cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKPembrokeshireWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPenrithNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPeoria cityIllinoisNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPeppermint GroveWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPerenjoriWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPerthWestern AustraliaUncertainNot found in crawl
UKPeterboroughEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USPhiladelphia cityPennsylvaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPhoenix cityArizonaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUPingellyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPittsburgh cityPennsylvaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPlano cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPlantagenetWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPlayfordSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKPlymouthEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPompano Beach cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPormpuraawQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPort HedlandWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUPort Macquarie-HastingsNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPort St. Lucie cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USPortland cityOregonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKPortsmouthEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKPowysWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USProvidence cityRhode IslandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USPueblo cityColoradoUncertainNot found in crawl
AUPyreneesVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUQuairadingWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUQueanbeyan-PalerangNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUQueenscliffeVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUQuilpieQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRancho Cucamonga cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AURavensthorpeWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKReadingEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRedbridgeEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKRedditchEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AURedlandQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKReigate and BansteadEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRenfrewshireScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USReno cityNevadaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRenton cityWashingtonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRhondda Cynon TafWalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USRialto cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRibble ValleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRichmond cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRichmond cityVirginiaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRichmond upon ThamesEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AURichmond ValleyNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRio Rancho cityNew MexicoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRiverside cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRochdaleEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRochfordEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USRockford cityIllinoisNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AURockhamptonQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USRoseville cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRossendaleEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRotherEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRotherhamEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USRound Rock cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRugbyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRunnymedeEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRushcliffeEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRushmoorEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKRutlandEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AURydeNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSacramento cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKSalfordEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSalinas cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USSalt Lake City cityUtahNot found in crawlUncertain
USSan Angelo cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSan Antonio cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSan Bernardino cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSan Diego cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSan Mateo cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSandwellEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
USSanta Ana cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSanta Clarita cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUScenic RimQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKScottish BordersScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USScottsdale cityArizonaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USSeattle cityWashingtonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSeftonEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSerpentine-JarrahdaleWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSevenoaksEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUShark BayWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSheffieldEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUShellharbourNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUShoalhavenNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USShreveport cityLouisianaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKShropshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSingletonNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USSioux Falls citySouth DakotaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSloughEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSnowy MonaroNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSnowy ValleysNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSolihullEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSomersetQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSomersetEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSorellTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSouth Bend cityIndianaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSouth BurnettQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSouth CambridgeshireEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USSouth Fulton cityGeorgiaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUSouth GippslandVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSouth KestevenEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSouth LanarkshireScotlandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKSouth OxfordshireEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSouth PerthWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSouth StaffordshireEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
UKSouthamptonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSouthend-on-SeaEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSouthern DownsQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSouthern GrampiansVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSouthern MidlandsTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSouthwarkEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSparks cityNevadaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSpelthorneEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USSpokane Valley cityWashingtonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSpringfield cityMissouriNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSt AlbansEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSt. HelensEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USSt. Paul cityMinnesotaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKStaffordEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSterling Heights cityMichiganNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKStevenageEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUStirlingWestern AustraliaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKStockportEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKStoke-on-TrentEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUStonningtonVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKStratford-on-AvonEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUStrathfieldNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSuffolk cityVirginiaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSugar Land cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSunshine CoastQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USSurprise cityArizonaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSurrey HeathEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSuttonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSwanWestern AustraliaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKSwindonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUSydneyNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USSyracuse cityNew YorkNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUTablelandsQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTacoma cityWashingtonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTallahassee cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUTamminWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTampa cityFloridaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKTamworthEnglandFound in crawlUncertain
AUTasmanTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKTelford and WrekinEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USTemecula cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUTemoraNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKTendringEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUTenterfieldNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKTest ValleyEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKThanetEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUThe HillsNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USThornton cityColoradoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USThousand Oaks cityCaliforniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKThree RiversEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKThurrockEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USToledo cityOhioNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUToodyayWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUToowoombaQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKTorfaenWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTorrance cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUTorresQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKTower HamletsEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTracy cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUTrayningWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTucson cityArizonaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USTulsa cityOklahomaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USTuscaloosa cityAlabamaUncertainNot found in crawl
AUTweedNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USTyler cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUUnleySouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUUpper GascoyneWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUUpper HunterNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUUpper LachlanNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUUrallaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKVale of GlamorganWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKVale of White HorseEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USVancouver cityWashingtonNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUVictoria DalyNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUVictoria PlainsWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUVincentWestern AustraliaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USVirginia Beach cityVirginiaUncertainNot found in crawl
USWaco cityTexasNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWagaitNorthern TerritoryNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWaginWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWakefieldEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWalchaNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWalgettNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWalsallEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWaltham ForestEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWanderingWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWandsworthEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWangarattaVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWannerooWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWaratah-WynyardTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWaroonaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWarrenNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWarren cityMichiganNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWarringtonEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWarrumbungleNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWarwickEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWaterbury cityConnecticutNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWatfordEnglandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUWeddinNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWeipaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWelwyn HatfieldEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWentworthNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWest ArthurWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWest CoastTasmaniaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWest Covina cityCaliforniaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWest DunbartonshireScotlandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWest Jordan cityUtahFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWest LindseyEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWest LothianScotlandNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKWest NorthamptonshireEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWest OxfordshireEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
USWest Palm Beach cityFloridaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWest TamarTasmaniaNot found in crawlFound in crawl
AUWest TorrensSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWest Valley City cityUtahFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWest WimmeraVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWestern DownsQueenslandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWestminsterEnglandFound in crawlNot found in crawl
USWestminster cityColoradoNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWestmorland and FurnessEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWestoniaWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWhitehorseVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWhitsundayQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWhittleseaVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWickepinWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWiganEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
AUWilliamsWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWilloughbyNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
USWilmington cityNorth CarolinaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWinchesterEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWingecarribeeNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWinston-Salem cityNorth CarolinaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWintonQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWirralEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWodongaVictoriaFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWokinghamEnglandFound in crawlFound in crawl
AUWollondillyNew South WalesNot found in crawlFound in crawl
UKWolverhamptonEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
AUWongan-BalliduWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWoodanillingWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWoollahraNew South WalesFound in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWoorabindaQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
USWorcester cityMassachusettsFound in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWorthingEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWrexhamWalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWyalkatchemWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUWyndham-East KimberleyWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKWyreEnglandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYalgooWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYarraVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYarra RangesVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYarrabahQueenslandNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYarriambiackVictoriaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYass ValleyNew South WalesNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYilgarnWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
AUYorkWestern AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl
UKYorkEnglandUncertainNot found in crawl
AUYorke PeninsulaSouth AustraliaNot found in crawlNot found in crawl

Only councils marked reportable enter the results. Uncertain statement codes remain in the denominator, counted as not found. Group shares require at least 30 reportable councils.

01

THE FINDING
AND ITS MEANING

A visible service and an explanation of AI use are different records.

Sydney's website showed a chat window in our crawl. Boston city's site had material about its own AI use. These are positive examples of the two signals, not performance ratings.

They do not establish how either council's technology works, whether it is accurate, or how well it escalates.

We keep the signals separate.

A policy can discuss AI without describing a public chat tool. A chat launcher can appear without explaining whether a person or software answers. The two measures are not stages of the same test, so subtracting 9.2% from 17.2% would create a false 'undisclosed AI' finding.

The country breakdown helps a reporter locate evidence, but it isn't a contest. Our US list covers incorporated places of 100,000 or more residents; UK and Australian lists use different types of local government. Coverage also differs.

Source records and definitions ↗
The comparison / 01

Two signals on council websites

UK
Chat assistant found (%)22.8%
Own-AI-use statement found (%)16.2%

Source: Chat 59/259, Wilson 95% interval 18.1 to 28.3%; own-use statement 42/259, interval 12.2 to 21.2%.

US
Chat assistant found (%)21.4%
Own-AI-use statement found (%)5.1%

Source: Chat 42/196, Wilson 95% interval 16.3 to 27.7%; own-use statement 10/196, interval 2.8 to 9.1%.

AU
Chat assistant found (%)11.0%
Own-AI-use statement found (%)6.5%

Source: Chat 41/372, Wilson 95% interval 8.2 to 14.6%; own-use statement 24/372, interval 4.4 to 9.4%.

October 2026 snapshot. Both columns use the same percentage scale. Populations and coverage differ; these aren't national AI-adoption rates. A chat window isn't proof of AI.

02

THE FINDING
AND ITS MEANING

The missing councils are part of the result.

832 of 1,235 councils were reachable (67.4%; US 197 of 333, UK 261 of 361, AU 374 of 541). 266 councils that block automated requests are excluded (tables/unreachable.csv).

Reachable does not always mean reportable.

We reached 832 sites, but five lacked enough rendered evidence for the reporting rule. That leaves 827 councils in the shares, not the full universe of 1,235. The 266 blocked councils stayed excluded; we did not route around their restrictions.

Another 71 had other network failures and 66 had no resolved official URL. We list excluded councils so a local reporter can check the gap rather than assume a missing place has no AI activity. The requested 75% coverage target (926 councils) was not reached.

The Wilson intervals describe the reported shares. They don't correct for excluded sites, delayed widgets, consent screens, or relevant material outside the captured pages.

Excluded councils may also differ systematically from reachable ones, so we won't project the result to the full population.

Source records and definitions ↗
The comparison / 02

Reachable sites and usable records

US
Reachable councils197
Reportable councils196

Source: Universe 333; unresolved URL 25; resolved but unreachable 111.

UK
Reachable councils261
Reportable councils259

Source: Universe 361; unresolved URL 6; resolved but unreachable 94.

AU
Reachable councils374
Reportable councils372

Source: Universe 541; unresolved URL 35; resolved but unreachable 132.

Full counts of crawl status, not sample estimates. Only reportable councils enter the chat and own-use shares. Coverage is 832 of 1,235 (67.4%).

Our interpretation and the next reporting questionsWhat the evidence suggests, alternative explanations, and checks not yet performed.

Ask the council what the website cannot tell you.

02 / Paloren's interpretation

Our reading of the evidence, not an additional measured result.

We'd follow Sydney's chat finding with a resident's question: who or what answers? Then ask what happens to the conversation, what data is retained, and how a resident reaches a person.

A visible launcher cannot distinguish a human, rules, retrieval, or an AI system.

The October 2026 crawl cannot answer for the council.

Boston's own-use record gives us a document to follow. Elsewhere, we'd request the current inventory and ask staff about systems used away from the public website. We would also give a council the right of reply before publishing a claim about hidden use.

The 76 positive records are evidence found, not a count of every council using AI.

Without that next stage, the consequence is double-sided: a council using AI invisibly may escape scrutiny, while a council with no visible tool may be wrongly read as having no AI.

What to investigate next

Open questions for further reporting. These aren't findings or interviews we claim to have completed.

  1. Ask the council's service owner whether the chat is staffed or automated, whether AI is involved, and how errors are handled. We did not test chats.
  2. Request the current AI inventory and compare it with what residents could find in October 2026.
  3. For any of the 266 blocked councils, verify the site directly. A failed automated request doesn't establish a lack of public information.

Behind the analysis

Inspect the source records 13 records / definitions / provenance

We link every comparison to the records used. Open the provenance download to check the selected values and the source-file checksums. Interpretation stays separate from those measured results.

  1. Source: E1
    findings.json

    Source: id: CH-01

  2. Source: E2
    findings.json

    Source: id: CH-02

  3. Source: E3
    tables/denominators.csv

    Source: country: US / CSV line 2

  4. Source: E4
    tables/denominators.csv

    Source: country: UK / CSV line 3

  5. Source: E5
    tables/denominators.csv

    Source: country: AU / CSV line 4

  6. Source: E6
    tables/shares.csv

    Source: level: country / group: UK / cut: country | chat_assistant / CSV line 6

  7. Source: E7
    tables/shares.csv

    Source: level: country / group: UK / cut: country | ai_statement / CSV line 7

  8. Source: E8
    tables/shares.csv

    Source: level: country / group: US / cut: country | chat_assistant / CSV line 8

  9. Source: E9
    tables/shares.csv

    Source: level: country / group: US / cut: country | ai_statement / CSV line 9

  10. Source: E10
    tables/shares.csv

    Source: level: country / group: AU / cut: country | chat_assistant / CSV line 4

  11. Source: E11
    tables/shares.csv

    Source: level: country / group: AU / cut: country | ai_statement / CSV line 5

  12. Source: E12
    tables/geo_council.csv

    Source: council_id: AU-17200 / CSV line 107

  13. Source: E13
    tables/geo_council.csv

    Source: council_id: US-25-07000 / CSV line 1079

Get this edition's analysis source record (JSON) ↓Open the primary data publisher ↗

What the councils
put in writing.

Beyond the chat window / Source pilot

We followed three public records beyond the crawl. One names a service; two explain rules. Each gives a reporter something more specific to check.

We chose 3 reportable councils for this source-reading pilot. It is not a service test or a representative sample.

Download source records ↓Sources read / 26 October 2026

Bath and North East Somerset

01 / Council-published description of a service
“A Zoom AI powered chatbot is currently used in Waste Services to help answer common queries directly on the website.”
Use of AI Technologies
Not stated on the page / Zoom AI / Virtual agent (chatbot)

The council names a tool and a service. That's more specific than a chat icon. Its page also says staff are available when the bot can't answer.

What we haven't tested

We haven't tried the bot. To test the claims on the Bath and North East Somerset page, we'd need to ask a set of routine questions, compare the answers with official guidance and check how often someone needs to step in. That's work still to do.

Read the council source ↗

Boston city

02 / Council-published governance policy
“The policy requires employees to complete basic training before getting access to City Gen AI tools.”
City of Boston Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) Policy
Version 2.1.0 / 6 March 2026 / Purpose

Boston sets a condition for staff access in its 2026 policy. We can report the rule; we can't say it has been followed.

What we haven't tested

A rule isn't an audit. Boston's training records and tool performance haven't been checked in this pilot.

Read the council source ↗

City of Edinburgh

03 / Council-published policy impact assessment
“The Generative AI policy does not introduce new AI services.”
Integrated Impact Assessment: Adoption and Approval of the Generative AI Policy
February 2026 / PDF page 1 / What will change as a result of this proposal?

The February 2026 assessment separates a policy from a service launch. Edinburgh describes staff rules and a governance route for new uses.

What we haven't tested

Approval wasn't established. Nor did we test enforcement or service quality.

Read the council source ↗

AI-assisted reading of public sources. We didn't open a chatbot, send a query or contact a council. These additions don't change the original crawl totals.

What the crawl found.
With uncertainty visible.

03 / The local comparison

We found a separate signal at 76 of 827 reportable councils: a statement about the council's own AI use. That's 9.2%, with a Wilson 95% interval of 7.4% to 11.4%. Chat is different. A person may staff the window; its presence doesn't establish AI use.

Dots show chat-assistant shares; lines show Wilson 95% intervals. The country populations differ.

Source: Rendered council websites; national local-government lists / Coverage: 832 of 1,235 councils were reachable (67.4%; US 197 of 333, UK 261 of 361, AU 374 of 541). 266 councils that block automated requests are excluded (tables/unreachable.csv).
Chat assistants found by country Share of reportable councils; Wilson 95% intervals. Country universes differ. CHAT ASSISTANTS / REPORTABLE COUNCILS (%) 030 AU: 11; n = 372; Wilson 95% interval: 8.2 to 14.6 AU n = 372 11%UK: 22.8; n = 259; Wilson 95% interval: 18.1 to 28.3 UK n = 259 22.8%US: 21.4; n = 196; Wilson 95% interval: 16.3 to 27.7 US n = 196 21.4% PALOREN RESEARCH / Rendered council websites; national local-government lists Chat assistants found by country Share of reportable councils; Wilson 95% intervals. Country universes differ. CHAT ASSISTANTS / REPORTABLE COUNCILS (%) AU: 11; n = 372; Wilson 95% interval: 8.2 to 14.6 AU n = 372 11%UK: 22.8; n = 259; Wilson 95% interval: 18.1 to 28.3 UK n = 259 22.8%US: 21.4; n = 196; Wilson 95% interval: 16.3 to 27.7 US n = 196 21.4% PALOREN RESEARCH / SOURCE BELOW
Country shares of reportable councils. Not a league of AI adoption. October 2026 crawl.
Download chart SVG ↓
Coverage and excluded councilsSee the missing places and why they are outside the denominator.

Outside the denominator.

Coverage / The missing places

832 of 1,235 councils were reachable (67.4%; US 197 of 333, UK 261 of 361, AU 374 of 541). 266 councils that block automated requests are excluded (tables/unreachable.csv). Our shares use 827 reportable councils. Reachable is not the same as reportable.

Coverage by country
CountryUniverseNo official URLUnreachableReachableReportable
US33325111197196
UK361694261259
AU54135132374372
Inspect all 408 excluded councils

408 excluded councils

CouncilCountryExclusion reason
ArmidaleAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
BalranaldAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
BlayneyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Blue MountainsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
BurwoodAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Central Coast (NSW)AUno official URL resolved
CobarAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer
DubboAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
EurobodallaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
FairfieldAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
HawkesburyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
HilltopsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: TLSV1_ALERT_PROTOCOL_VERSION] tlsv1 alert protocol version (_ssl.c:1007)
InverellAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
KempseyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
KyogleAUUNREACHABLE: robots.txt disallows home page
LiverpoolAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
MaitlandAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: The read operation timed out
MurrumbidgeeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
MuswellbrookAUReachable but incomplete rendering / not reportable
OrangeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Port StephensAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
RandwickAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
SutherlandAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
TamworthAUUNREACHABLE: home status 404
Wagga WaggaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WaverleyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WollongongAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Bass CoastAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Bayside (Vic.)AUno official URL resolved
BenallaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
BulokeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
CardiniaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
CorangamiteAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
DarebinAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
FrankstonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Glen EiraAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
Greater BendigoAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Greater GeelongAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Greater SheppartonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer
HorshamAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Latrobe (Vic.)AUno official URL resolved
LoddonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer
Macedon RangesAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
ManninghamAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
MelbourneAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
MitchellAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
MoiraAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
NillumbikAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Port PhillipAUUNREACHABLE: home status 308
StrathbogieAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Surf CoastAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Swan HillAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
TowongAUUNREACHABLE: home status 405
WarrnamboolAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WellingtonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
WyndhamAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)
Blackall TamboAUno official URL resolved
BurdekinAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
BurkeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
CairnsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Charters TowersAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
CherbourgAUno official URL resolved
GoondiwindiAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Lockhart RiverAUno official URL resolved
Lockyer ValleyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 405
MaranoaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
North BurnettAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Palm IslandAUno official URL resolved
RichmondAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Torres Strait IslandAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
TownsvilleAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Wujal WujalAUno official URL resolved
Adelaide HillsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Adelaide PlainsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
AlexandrinaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Anangu Pitjantjatjara YankunytjatjaraAUno official URL resolved
BarossaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Barunga WestAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Berri BarmeraAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Campbelltown (SA)AUno official URL resolved
CedunaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Charles SturtAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Clare and Gilbert ValleysAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
CleveAUno official URL resolved
Coober PedyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Copper CoastAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
EllistonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Flinders RangesAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Franklin HarbourAUno official URL resolved
GawlerAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
GoyderAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
GrantAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Holdfast BayAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Kangaroo IslandAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Karoonda East MurrayAUno official URL resolved
KimbaAUno official URL resolved
Kingston (SA)AUno official URL resolved
LightAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Lower EyreAUno official URL resolved
Loxton WaikerieAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
MarionAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Mid MurrayAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
MitchamAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Mount BarkerAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Mount RemarkableAUno official URL resolved
Murray BridgeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Naracoorte LucindaleAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Northern AreasAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
OnkaparingaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Orroroo CarrietonAUno official URL resolved
PeterboroughAUno official URL resolved
Port Adelaide EnfieldAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Port AugustaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Port LincolnAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Port PirieAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
ProspectAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Renmark ParingaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
RobeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Roxby DownsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
SalisburyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Southern MalleeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Streaky BayAUno official URL resolved
TatiaraAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Tea Tree GullyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
CoorongAUno official URL resolved
Tumby BayAUno official URL resolved
Victor HarborAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WakefieldAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
WalkervilleAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Wattle RangeAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WhyallaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WudinnaAUno official URL resolved
YankalillaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
ArmadaleAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
AshburtonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
BelmontAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Bridgetown-GreenbushesAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
BusseltonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAUno official URL resolved
CoorowAUUNREACHABLE: robots.txt disallows home page
Greater GeraldtonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Kalgoorlie-BoulderAUno official URL resolved
KatanningAUReachable but incomplete rendering / not reportable
LavertonAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
ManjimupAUUNREACHABLE: home status 405
MurrayAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
RockinghamAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
SandstoneAUUNREACHABLE: home status 405
SubiacoAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Three SpringsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Victoria ParkAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WilunaAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Break O'DayAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Circular HeadAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Derwent ValleyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Flinders (Tas.)AUno official URL resolved
Glamorgan-Spring BayAUno official URL resolved
Huon ValleyAUUNREACHABLE: home status 529
KentishAUUNREACHABLE: home status 403
King IslandAUUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Latrobe (Tas.)AUno official URL resolved
Central DesertAUno official URL resolved
East ArnhemAUno official URL resolved
Groote ArchipelagoAUno official URL resolved
MacDonnellAUno official URL resolved
Roper GulfAUno official URL resolved
Tiwi IslandsAUUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer
West ArnhemAUno official URL resolved
West DalyAUno official URL resolved
MiddlesbroughUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Redcar and ClevelandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Stockton-on-TeesUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Blackburn with DarwenUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
East Riding of YorkshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 202
South GloucestershireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
TorbayUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
West BerkshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Windsor and MaidenheadUKUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Milton KeynesUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Isle of WightUKno official URL resolved
County DurhamUKReachable but incomplete rendering / not reportable
WiltshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
NorthumberlandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 404
DorsetUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
East CambridgeshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
FenlandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
South DerbyshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
East DevonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
ExeterUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
North DevonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 202
South HamsUKUNREACHABLE: home status 405
TeignbridgeUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
TorridgeUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
West DevonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 405
EastbourneUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
LewesUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
WealdenUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
BasildonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
UttlesfordUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
GloucesterUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
StroudUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
TewkesburyUKUNREACHABLE: robots.txt disallows home page
Basingstoke and DeaneUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
EastleighUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
GosportUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
New ForestUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
DacorumUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
MaidstoneUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Folkestone and HytheUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer
SwaleUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Tonbridge and MallingUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Tunbridge WellsUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
ChorleyUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
FyldeUKUNREACHABLE: home status 503
LancasterUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
PendleUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
PrestonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
South RibbleUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
West LancashireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: Hostname mismatch, certificate is not valid for 'www.westlancsdc.gov.uk'. (_
BostonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
East LindseyUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
South HollandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
BrecklandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
BroadlandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Great YarmouthUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
South NorfolkUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
East StaffordshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Staffordshire MoorlandsUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)
TandridgeUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
WaverleyUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
WokingUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
AdurUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: Hostname mismatch, certificate is not valid for 'www.adur.gov.uk'. (_ssl.c:1
ChichesterUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
HorshamUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
BromsgroveUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
WorcesterUKUNREACHABLE: home status 307
WychavonUKUNREACHABLE: home status 307
Wyre ForestUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
East SuffolkUKUNREACHABLE: home status 405
West SuffolkUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
ManchesterUKno official URL resolved
TamesideUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
TraffordUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
DoncasterUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Newcastle upon TyneUKno official URL resolved
North TynesideUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
South TynesideUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
SunderlandUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
GatesheadUKno official URL resolved
Barking and DagenhamUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
EnfieldUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
GreenwichUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Hammersmith and FulhamUKUNREACHABLE: home status 202
Derry City and StrabaneUKUNREACHABLE: home status 522
Fermanagh and OmaghUKno official URL resolved
Newry, Mourne and DownUKno official URL resolved
Dumfries and GallowayUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
East RenfrewshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
InverclydeUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
Shetland IslandsUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
South AyrshireUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
StirlingUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Aberdeen CityUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)
FifeUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Perth and KinrossUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Glasgow CityUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Isle of AngleseyUKUNREACHABLE: home status 529
SwanseaUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
CardiffUKUNREACHABLE: home status 403
CaerphillyUKUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
Blaenau GwentUKReachable but incomplete rendering / not reportable
Huntsville cityUSUNREACHABLE: crawl exception InvalidURL: URL can't contain control characters. '/intent/tweet?text=Huntsville Tree Commission honors visionary leader who helped shape the Ci
Montgomery cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Anchorage municipalityUSno official URL resolved
Buckeye cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Gilbert townUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Goodyear cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Peoria cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Tempe cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Yuma cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Anaheim cityUSno official URL resolved
Antioch cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Carlsbad cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Chula Vista cityUSno official URL resolved
Clovis cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Corona cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Costa Mesa cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Downey cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
El Cajon cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Elk Grove cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Fairfield cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Fremont cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 400
Fullerton cityUSno official URL resolved
Glendale cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Huntington Beach cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Lancaster cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Los Angeles cityUSno official URL resolved
Oceanside cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Orange cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Oxnard cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Pasadena cityUSno official URL resolved
Pomona cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 529
San Buenaventura (Ventura) cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
San Francisco cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 202
San Jose cityUSno official URL resolved
Santa Clara cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Santa Maria cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Santa Rosa cityUSno official URL resolved
Simi Valley cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Stockton cityUSno official URL resolved
Sunnyvale cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Vacaville cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Vallejo cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 429
Victorville cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Visalia cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Arvada cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Aurora cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 429
Greeley cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Hartford cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer
New Haven cityUSno official URL resolved
Stamford cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Davie townUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Lakeland cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Palm Bay cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Plantation cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
St. Petersburg cityUSno official URL resolved
Sunrise cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Atlanta cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Macon-Bibb CountyUSno official URL resolved
Sandy Springs cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: Hostname mismatch, certificate is not valid for 'www.sandyspringsga.org'. (_
Savannah cityUSno official URL resolved
Boise City cityUSno official URL resolved
Meridian cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Nampa cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Chicago cityUSno official URL resolved
Springfield cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
Fishers cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Fort Wayne cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Cedar Rapids cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Davenport cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 429
Kansas City cityUSno official URL resolved
Olathe cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Overland Park cityUSno official URL resolved
Topeka cityUSno official URL resolved
Wichita cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Lexington-Fayette urban countyUSno official URL resolved
Brockton cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 529
Lynn cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 529
New Bedford cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Quincy cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Springfield cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
Grand Rapids cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 308
Minneapolis cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 301
Rochester cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 308
Columbia cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Kansas City cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
St. Louis cityUSno official URL resolved
Omaha cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Henderson cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
North Las Vegas cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Jersey City cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 429
Newark cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Las Cruces cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Buffalo cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Rochester cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Yonkers cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Cary townUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Durham cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Greensboro cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Raleigh cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Akron cityUSno official URL resolved
Cincinnati cityUSno official URL resolved
Broken Arrow cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Eugene cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Hillsboro cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Salem cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Allentown cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
Clarksville cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Knoxville cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Memphis cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Murfreesboro cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Allen cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Amarillo cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Beaumont cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Brownsville cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Carrollton cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Conroe cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Denton cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Garland cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: _ssl.c:990: The handshake operation timed out
Georgetown cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 404
Houston cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 400
Laredo cityUSno official URL resolved
Lewisville cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Lubbock cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
McAllen cityUSReachable but incomplete rendering / not reportable
McKinney cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Pearland cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Richardson cityUSno official URL resolved
Wichita Falls cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Provo cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
St. George cityUSno official URL resolved
Hampton cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Everett cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Kent cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Spokane cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 302
Green Bay cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 TimeoutError: timed out
Madison cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 0 URLError: [SSL: UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING] EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:1007)
Milwaukee cityUSUNREACHABLE: home status 403
Reporter notes: explanations, unknowns and citationDownload the full briefing or inspect the sources and methods.

The finding.
The meaning.
The next question.

For the newsroom

What can a resident discover about council chat services and AI use from the public website?

Download reporter brief ↓Editorial edition / 26 October 2026
01 / Measured finding

17.2% of reportable councils show a chat assistant. 142 of 827 councils. Wilson 95% interval: 14.8% to 19.9%. Source period: October 2026 crawl.

We checked rendered home and contact pages in October 2026. Chat rates are lower bounds. Not found doesn't mean a council doesn't use AI. 832 of 1,235 councils were reachable (67.4%; US 197 of 333, UK 261 of 361, AU 374 of 541). 266 councils that block automated requests are excluded (tables/unreachable.csv).

02 / Our interpretation

We'd follow Sydney's chat finding with a resident's question: who or what answers? Then ask what happens to the conversation, what data is retained, and how a resident reaches a person. A visible launcher cannot distinguish a human, rules, retrieval, or an AI system.

Other explanations and what we cannot answer
  • A chat launcher may connect to staff, fixed rules or AI; appearance alone cannot identify the technology.
  • Missing evidence can reflect page selection, rendering, consent screens or unreachable websites, not the absence of council AI use.

Service quality, confirmed technology type and use outside the observed pages remain untested. The rates use 827 reportable councils, not the 832 reached or full universe of 1,235.

Where the reporting goes next
  1. Ask the council's service owner whether the chat is staffed or automated, whether AI is involved, and how errors are handled. We did not test chats.
  2. Request the current AI inventory and compare it with what residents could find in October 2026.
  3. For any of the 266 blocked councils, verify the site directly. A failed automated request doesn't establish a lack of public information.

We haven't done these checks yet. They're a route for further reporting, not extra findings.

Sources, methods and citation

No one was interviewed for this brief, and no cause was tested.

We updated this brief on 26 October 2026. We haven't refreshed the data. Use the period beside the finding.

Copyable citation

Paloren Research. What do council websites tell residents about AI?. Editorial edition 26 October 2026. https://paloren.ai/research/council-chat-assistants-ai-statements-2026

Use our analysis with credit to Paloren Research and a link. Don't drop the caveats. We can't grant rights to a source publisher's material.

Request comment or a correction ↗
Method and limitationsDefinitions, exclusions, source records and the checks behind this edition.

What this can
and cannot say.

Method / Before you quote

Only councils marked reportable enter the results. Uncertain statement codes remain in the denominator, counted as not found. Group shares require at least 30 reportable councils.

Open the primary source ↗
  1. 01

    We reached 832 councils from a universe of 1,235; 827 had enough rendered evidence to be reportable. There were 266 automated-request blocks, 71 other network failures and 66 unresolved official URLs. Five reachable sites didn't meet the reporting rule. We've named all exclusions. The requested 75% coverage target wasn't reached.

  2. 02

    We didn't open chats. A widget hidden behind consent or a click can be missed.

  3. 03

    The US list starts with larger incorporated places. We use principal councils for the UK and local government areas for Australia. Those aren't matching populations, so don't read country shares as a contest.

Leave with the record.

The reporter's desk

Keep the definition, period and qualification with any figure you reuse. The download includes the local facts supplied by the study, source-row references and reporting rules.

Request comment or a source check ↗

How to read
our research.

The editorial record

Original analysis, with the evidence and its limits kept together.

Publisher and methods

We're part of Paloren, an AI consultancy and commercial publisher. We don't claim to be an independent research institution.

We show what we counted, then explain our reading of it. They're different. An AI name isn't proof of an AI business; a filing's warning isn't an incident report.

Corrections and version history 26 October 2026

We changed the articles on 26 October 2026, not the source data. Edition newsroom-20261026.

  1. Copy edit / 28 October 2026 / Research copy notes

    We made copy edits for clarity and consistency. Methods, findings and figures have not changed.

  2. Local-fact wording / 28 October 2026 / Council chat assistants

    The 190 council local facts now use corrected grammar on the page and in the CSV downloads. No counts or classifications changed.

  3. Reading and presentation update / All ten studies

    The opening links to the downloadable briefing. Local tables come first. You can expand secondary detail or print the study, keeping the source notes and caveats beside the results so they don't get lost when you share a finding. Source values are unchanged. We also corrected punctuation and displayed council-record grammar.

  4. Editorial update / All ten studies

    Each of the ten studies now has a brief. It sets out what we found, our take, and what we'd need to check next. The datasets haven't been refreshed.

We keep each source period beside its finding. We haven't set a schedule for new data releases.

Reuse and corrections

Use our original charts and analysis with credit to Paloren Research and a link. Keep the source period and caveats. We can't grant rights to material owned by a source publisher.

Found a mistake? Send us the page and the record we should check at aaron@palorenresearch.com.

For a quote from Aaron, please ask for a current comment. Our labelled analysis isn't a spoken quotation.

Keep reading / The local series
Infrastructure / United StatesThe hosting boom is bigger than the data-centre count.↗Work / United StatesThe same jobs. A different AI exposure ranking.↗Company registers / United KingdomLondon has an AI-name cluster. It is not yet an industry map.↗
All local investigations ↗

Research

Local investigations

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